Much the same way as you do for decimal numbers. The rules are just the same, bearing in mind that the positions in a long number represent powers of 2 instead of powers of 10, so the maximum digit in any position is 1 instead of 9. The the right of the "point" they are "halves, quarters, eighths," etc instead of "tenths, hundredths, thousandths" etc So Binary 101.11 is 4+0+1+1/2+1/4 = 5.75 in decimal. In any base the number "10" represents the base ... in decimal, 10 means ten, and in binary, 10 means two.
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1001 base 2 = 9 base 10
By adding the value of the digits. Base 10 places increase by powers of 10. Base 2 places increase by powers of 2. 2^0 = 1 2^1 = 2 2^2 = 4 2^3 = 8 and so on. A base 2 number like 1101 would have one 1, one 4 and one 8. The base 10 equivalent is 13.
A base 10 sketch has 10 numbers.
With base one million, you can create one nonillion different numbers; using the traditional decimal (base ten) system, you can form 100 thousand different numbers.
Because - Hex is an exact multiple of binary - whereas decimal numbers need to be converted from base 10 to base 2.