Finding the difference of two numbers is known as subtraction.
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"Factor" is normally applied to multiplication and division, not addition and subtraction, but the analogues in addition would be the numbers being added.
Addition and subtraction are inverse functions.
First you have to solve the subtraction and in the next step you will factor it out.
Subtraction: Yes. Division: No. 2/4 = is not an integer, let alone an even integer.
Yes. They are closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication. The rational numbers WITHOUT ZERO are closed under division.