x is independent because of the x axis and y axis on a coordinate plane.
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Both. If you look at it like this: y=41-x you say x is independent and y is dependent of x (i.e. y is a function of x) For x=41-y you say y is independent and x is dependent of y (i.e. x is a function of y)
The x in y=mx+b is the independent variable. You could solve for x, making this a function of y, with simple algebra. y = mx + b y - b = mx (y-b)/m = x
Conventionally, the dependent variable is denoted by y, the independent variable(s) by x; and the regression is of y on x. The coefficient of regression of x on y is a measure of the degree to which variations in y are reflected by variations in x. This does not mean that changes in y cause changes in x since both could be affected by something else entirely.
Well, isn't that a happy little question! To find the derivative of x divided by y, you can use the quotient rule. The derivative will be (y * d/dx(x) - x * d/dx(y)) / (y^2). Just remember, there are no mistakes, just happy little accidents in math!
It is not possible to solve one equation in two unknowns (x and y). Two independent equations are required.