It means the logarithm to the base e. The number "e" is approximately 2.71828... In other words, if you ask, for instance, "what's the natural logarithm of 100", that's equivalent to asking "to what number must I raise 'e', to get the answer 100". The solution of the equation e^x = 100 in this example.
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y = ln (x) dy/dx = 1/x
d/dx lnx=1/x
The derivative of the natural log is 1/x, therefore the derivative is 1/cos(x). However, since the value of cos(x) is submitted within the natural log we must use the chain rule. Then, we multiply 1/cos(x) by the derivative of cos(x). We get the answer: -sin(x)/cos(x) which can be simplified into -tan(x).
the natural log, ln, is the inverse of the exponential. so you can take the natural log of both sides of the equation and you get... ln(e^(x))=ln(.4634) ln(e^(x))=x because ln and e are inverses so we are left with x = ln(.4634) x = -0.769165
For a quotient x/y , then its log is logx - log y . NOT log(x/y)