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To calculate page numbers and offsets for address references, you typically divide the address by the page size to determine the page number, and then find the offset by taking the remainder of the address divided by the page size. This helps locate specific data within a memory system efficiently.
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Complete architecture of 8086 microprocessor?
8085 Architecture - II Written by: shankar • Edited by: KennethSleightPublished Sep 30, 2009 • Related Guides: IntelLearn in detail about the functions and working of flags, the timing and control unit, Interrupt control and various other signals associated with it. Also learn about the Data bus and address bus present in 8085 microprocessor and how these units combine to process a data altogether.IntroductionIn the previous articles we learnt about what are microprocessors in general and the about the 8085 microprocessor in particular. We saw the various registers used in 8085 microprocessor and how they act along with Arithmetic and Logic unit to process a data. But Registers and ALU alone cannot successfully process a data and provide the result to the programmer. There are various other units which help in data transfer and addressing, Carry operation while adding or subtracting, and sometimes also to interrupt a process when necessary. Let us discuss about those units in detail.Architecture DiagramFlagsFlags are nothing but a group of individual Flip-flops. The flags are mainly associated with arithmetic and logic operations. The flags will show either a logical (0 or 1) (i.e.) a set or reset depending on the data conditions in accumulator or various other registers. A flag is actually a latch which can hold some bits of information. It alerts the processor that some event has taken place.TI's Signal Conditionersti.comCutting Edge Silicon Process Tech & Advanced Analog Circuit DesignAds by GoogleBut why are they called flags?The possible solution is from the small flags which are found on the mail boxes in America. The small flag indicates that there is a mail in the mail box. Similarly this denotes that an event has occurred in the processor.Intel processors have a set of 5 flags.Carry flagParity flagAuxiliary carry flagZero flagSign flagConsider two binary numbers.For example:1100 00001000 0000When we add the above two numbers, a carry is generated in the most significant bit. The number in the extreme right is least significant bit, while the number in extreme left is most significant bit. So a ninth bit is generated due to the carry. So how to accommodate 9th bit in an 8 bit register?For this purpose the Carry flag is used. The carry flag is set whenever a carry is generated and reset whenever there is no carry.But there is an auxiliary carry flag? What is the difference between the carry flag and auxiliary carry flag?Let's discuss with an example. Consider the two numbers given below0000 0100, 0000 0101When we add both the numbers a carry is generated in the third bit from the least significant bit. This sets the auxiliary carry flag. When there is no carry, the auxiliary carry flag is reset.So whenever there is a carry in the most significant bit Carry flag is set. While an auxiliary carry flag is set only when a carry is generated in bits other than the most significant bit.Parity checks whether it's even or add parity. This flag returns a 0 if it is odd parity and returns a 1 if it is an even parity. Sometimes they are also called as parity bit which is used to check errors while data transmission is carried out.Zero flag shows whether the output of the operation is 0 or not. If the value of Zero flag is 0 then the result of operation is not zero. If it is zero the flag returns value 1.Sign flag shows whether the output of operation has positive sign or negative sign. A value 0 is returned for positive sign and 1 is returned for negative sign.Instruction Register and DecoderInstruction register is 8-bit register just like every other register of microprocessor. Consider an instruction. The instruction may be anything like adding two data's, moving a data, copying a data etc. When such an instruction is fetched from memory, it is directed to Instruction register. So the instruction registers are specifically to store the instructions that are fetched from memory.There is an Instruction decoder which decodes the informations present in the Instruction register for further processing.Timing and Control UnitTiming and control unit is a very important unit as it synchronizes the registers and flow of data through various registers and other units. This unit consists of an oscillator and controller sequencer which sends control signals needed for internal and external control of data and other units.The oscillator generates two-phase clock signals which aids in synchronizing all the registers of 8085 microprocessor.Signals that are associated with Timing and control unit are:Control Signals: READY, RD', WR', ALEStatus Signals: S0, S1, IO/M'DMA Signals: HOLD, HLDARESET Signals: RESET IN, RESET OUTInterrupt ControlAs the name suggests this control interrupts a process. Consider that a microprocessor is executing the main program. Now whenever the interrupt signal is enabled or requested the microprocessor shifts the control from main program to process the incoming request and after the completion of request, the control goes back to the main program. For example an Input/output device may send an interrupt signal to notify that the data is ready for input. The microprocessor temporarily stops the execution of main program and transfers control to I/O device. After collecting the input data the control is transferred back to main program.Interrupt signals present in 8085 are:INTRRST 7.5RST 6.5RST 5.5TRAPOf the above four interrupts TRAP is a NON-MASKABLE interrupt control and other three are maskable interrupts.A non-maskable interrupt is an interrupt which is given the highest priority in the order of interrupts. Suppose you want an instruction to be processed immediately, then you can give the instruction as a non-maskable interrupt. Further the non-maskable interrupt cannot be disabled by programmer at any point of time.Whereas the maskable interrupts can be disabled and enabled using EI and DI instructions. Among the maskable interrupts RST 7.5 is given the highest priority above RST 6.5 and least priority is given to INTR.Serial I/O controlThe input and output of serial data can be carried out using 2 instructions in 8085.SID-Serial Input DataSOD-Serial Output DataTwo more instructions are used to perform serial-parallel conversion needed for serial I/O devices.SIMRIMAddress buffer and Address-Data bufferThe contents of the stack pointer and program counter are loaded into the address buffer and address-data buffer. These buffers are then used to drive the external address bus and address-data bus. As the memory and I/O chips are connected to these buses, the CPU can exchange desired data to the memory and I/O chips.The address-data buffer is not only connected to the external data bus but also to the internal data bus which consists of 8-bits. The address data buffer can both send and receive data from internal data bus.Address bus and Data bus:We know that 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor. So the data bus present in the microprocessor is also 8-bits wide. So 8-bits of data can be transmitted from or to the microprocessor. But 8085 processor requires 16 bit address bus as the memory addresses are 16-bit wide.The 8 most significant bits of the address are transmitted with the help of address bus and the 8 least significant bits are transmitted with the help of multiplexed address/data bus. The eight bit data bus is multiplexed with the eight least significant bits of address bus. The address/data bus is time multiplexed. This means for few microseconds, the 8 least significant bits of address are generated, while for next few seconds the same pin generates the data. This is called Time multiplexing.But there are situations where there is a need to transmit both data and address simultaneously. For this purpose a signal called ALE (address latch enable) is used. ALE signal holds the obtained address in its latch for a long time until the data is obtained and so when the microprocessor sends the data next time the address is also available at the output latch. This technique is called Address/Data demultiplexing.
2 Consider sending a 3000-bytes datagram into a link that has an MTU of 500 bytes Suppose the original datagram is stamped with the identification number 422 How many fragments are generated What?
A total number of 7 fragments are generated as shown in the table below: Number Identification I Total Length L More Fragments M Fragment Offset O 1 422 480+20=500 1 0 2 422 480+20=500 1 60 3 422 480+20=500 1 120 4 422 480+20=500 1 180 5 422 480+20=500 1 240 6 422 480+20=500 1 300 7 422 100+20=120 0 360 Note that the payload contained in the original IPv4 datagram is 3000 − 20 = 2980 bytes. Also note that offsets are counted in 64-bit words and not 8-bit words.
What is css3 drop shadow?
CSS stands for Cascading Style SheetsStyles define how to display HTML elements on a web pageCSS3 is the third generation (level 3) of CSS.CSS3 offers a bunch of new ways you can write CSS rules with new CSS selectors, as well as a new combinator, and some new pseudo-elements.The box-shadow property of CSS3 allows designers to easily implement multiple drop shadows (outer or inner) on box elements, specifying values for color, size, blur and offset.For example,#myshadow1 {box-shadow: 10px 10px 5px #8a8a8a;}The first two attributes of each of the properties are the horizontal and vertical offsets for the shadow, the third is the blur radius, and the final one sets the color of the drop shadow.For browser compatibilities, you will need to write something like this:-moz-box-shadow: 3px 3px 3px #8a8a8a;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 3px #8a8a8a;box-shadow: 3px 3px 3px #8a8a8a;
How do you calculate the distance between two 45 offsets?
1.414
What are the page numbers and offsets for the following address references provided as decimal numbers 2375 19366 30000 256 16385 Assuming a 1 KB page size?
Answer: a. page = 1; offset = 327 b. page = 18; offset = 934 c. page = 29; offset = 304 d. page = 0; offset = 256 e. page = 16; offset = 1
What is offset address?
An offset address is a relative address rather than an absolute address. You use offsets to refer to memory relative to an absolute address. For instance, array indices are implemented using offsets from the start address of the array, such that element 0 is at offset 0 and element 5 is at offset 5.
What is backward reference in assembler?
In assembly language, a backward reference is when a program refers to a label or memory location that appears earlier in the code. This is commonly used for implementing loops or conditional jumps where the target instruction is located before the jump instruction in memory. Backward references are resolved during the assembly process to calculate relative offsets.
What are the lowest address in the 8086?
The addresses for the 8086 range from 00000 hex to FFFFF hex, but they are accessed as offsets within overlapping 64-kB blocks.
What is array indexing?
Unlike ordinary variables, the variables within an array do not have any names; they are anonymous. To access them you need to use memory offsets from the start of the array. Since the elements of an array are all the same type they are also the same length, thus the offsets are equal to the length of the array type. However, there is no need to calculate the offsets because each element's offset has a zero-based index. Thus the second element can be found at offset index 1.
Difference between effective address and physical address?
The effective address is the address generated by the program, after all transformations, such as index registers, offsets, addressing mode, etc. have been made. The physical address is the address generated by the hardware, after performing whatever lookups through the page table, etc. have been made. The effective address, or virtual address, is the concern of the program. The physical address, or real address, is the concern of the operating system.
How do you learn about offsets and pipe bending?
You can check the links to the right, they might help you in finding some information on pipe bending and offsets.
What are perpendicular offsets?
a square shaped penis
What are bulblets that are grown to full size?
offsets
Script offsets for Pokemon FireRed?
$167517
How do you set work offset in makino a51 machine?
There are two ways to load offsets into any Makino Pro 5 machine. The first is by using menus. In the bottom left corner of the touch screen there is a arrow press that. The extended manual will pop up with a dozen or so buttons. Each will bring up a new screen. Press the Work Offsets button. Listed there are all of your work offsets with fields that can be filled out. TL:DR - Little arrow in bottom left>Work Offsets The other way to create work offsets is to load them in through programming. An couple example lines of this is G90 G10 L20 P01 X-18.378 Y-22.8265 Z-23.5123 G90 G10 L20 P02 X-18.456 Y-17.8265 Z-23.5142 "G90 G10 L20" is the code to load the offsets and it will always remain the same. For work offsets G54.1 P__. I do not remember the code for G54-G59 offsets off of the top of my head. P01 through P48 or P300(extended offsets) will select the work offset you want. X____Y____Z____B____ will be your offsets to be loaded in.
