By the battery in the caculator
It works by a solar cell when photons hit a cell it exites a particle called electrons which allow it to flow through in between layer p which stands for a positive energy and n for negative charge that creates a field of electricity.
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When you put a calculator into the sun, the sunlight will fall onto a special solar panel. There are photons in the sunlight that hit the material in the solar panel and knock electrons out. Those electrons are now free to move about and they form a current. So it's a way of getting sunlight and changing it into electricity to power the calculator.
Solar powered calculators use light instead of batteries to function. A photovoltaic cell is on the calculator which converts the light energy into an electric current to power it.