Edge detection generally applies to a square wave signal, such as a clock pulse or a trigger pulse. Then the edge detection comes from either using the rising voltage, or the falling voltage of the signal (usually a square wave) to trigger the next event. Using the falling voltage implies a delay in the signal and the rising pulse to trigger an immediate `step` in the circuit.
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Edge detection means highlighting the edges of objects in a photograph (they get illuminated, while all other image points become dark).