In household wiring it is the "hot" wire that carries current to the load.
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When flexible cords are talked about the ground wire is in the conductor count. A four wire cord will have black, red, white, and green coloured wires in the flexible cable set. A three wire cord will have a black, white and green coloured wires in the cable set. To use a four wire cord to carry 220 volts just use the black, red and green wires. Connect to the cord ends. Black and red to the outside blade terminal screws and the green wire to the green ground screw. To use a three wire cord to carry 220 volts just use all of the wires. Black and white to the outside blade terminal screws and the green wire to the green ground screw.
The neutral wire will have writing or ribs on it and connects to the white wire. The smooth wire is hot and connects to the black wire. Use 3 strand wire in size AWG # 16. If the fan has a light it will have a blue wire. Connect that blue wire to the black wire.
Yes, the red wire is a positive wire (+) and the black wire is a negative wire (-) :D
No, you can feed it with a 2 wire Romex + ground. It depends on what is mounted on the ceiling. If it is just a light all you need is 2 wire + ground Romex. However if it is a fan/light and you want to control each one independant of the other you will need to use 3 wire Romex + ground. This is of course if you have 2 seperate switches. You would then connect the red wire to the blue light wire and the black wire to the black fan wire. If you use 2 wire Romex just connect the blue and black fan/light wire to the black wire in the ceiling box.
There is no code rule designation which side that the wire colours are terminated on. I always use red on the left and black on the right when connecting to a distribution panel.