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Junction boxes are usually laid out so that the circuit splices are located in the basement and in the attic. Attic junction boxes have to have a vertical clearance of three feet above it to make it legal.
They can be used if need be. But, know that all junction boxes must be covered and they must be accessible at all times. That can be placed above a drop ceiling with panels that can be removed but not above a permanent sheet rock or wood ceiling.
A #14 copper wire rated at 15 amps is the minimum size wire for a 15 amp receptacle.
Outside breaker distribution panels must be rated for outdoor use and are already weather proof. If this is not the case then a protective covering must be made around the panel to keep the weather elements away from the box. If either of these options are used then the distribution box does not have to be caulked.
Make your own ground screw. Use a #8 x 1/2"or #10 x 1/2" sheet metal pan head screw and screw it into one of the holes in the back of the box. In the back of the box you might see a raised portion where the original ground screw came out of, use that hole. Wrap the ground wire around the pan head screw and it will tighten up very nicely and make a good ground.