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300 Amps if used for service entrance conductors. Table 310.15
This is a voltage drop question. A 500 MCM copper or 750 MCM aluminium conductor will limit the voltage drop to 3% or less when supplying 300 amps for 500 feet on a 240 volt system. Paralleling these conductors will allow the rating to be increased to 600 amps.
300 kcmil @ 75°
I would recommend 1/0 just to be sure you have very little line loss. <<>> It depends on whether the 100 amp panel is rated at 100% or 80% loading. If the panel is only rated for 100% loading, meaning that a full 100 amps can be drawn from it, the wire size will be #2 copper conductor which is rated at 130 amps. The feeder can only be loaded to 80 present so will have a working amperage of 130 x .8 = 104 amps. If the panel is only rated at 80 percent loading then a #3 copper conductor can be used. A #3 copper conductor with an insulation factor of 90 degrees C is rated at 115 amps. 115 x .8 = 92 amps.
Yes. Check to see if the wire rating printed on the outside covering of the wire in question. Most 12AWG wire is rated for 20 amps. Wire insulation is rated 300, 600 and 1000 volts. In case you are having trouble with the math for calculating amps x volts (120, 240V etc) = watts, watts divided by volts = amps Code will let you load up a conductor up to 80%. Full load on a # 12 wire is 16 amps. 12 Gauge copper can be used for 20A or less