In any situation you want the switch located so you can have light before entering the space. With basements you might use what is called a 3-way switch with one at top and one at bottom of stairs. Think about how you are going to use the space. You wouldn't want to put a single switch at the top of the stairs and then have a TV room downstairs and have to go up the stairs to turn off the lights and then go back downstairs to watch TV. The more control you have over the lighting you use, the better you can tailor lighting to the activity being performed.
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The use of a four way switch is needed when a load (such as a light) needs to be controlled from 3 locations or more. For instance when you walk down a hallway and there is a light there are probably at least two switches one at the beginning of the hallway and one at the end. These two switches will turn the light on or off from either location. These two switches will be three way switches. When the need to control a light or a load from more that two locations arises a four way switch is introduced. A light or load can be controlled an unlimited amount of locations by adding four way switches which are wired in between the two three way switches. Think of a sandwich where the three way switches are the bread and the meat and veggies are the four way switches. You can put as much meat and veggies as you want, but you always need two slices of bread on the top and bottom.
Yes. They are well insulated and have thermal cutoff switches.
Yes, that is fine.
electrific is the abbreviation for electrification (to put light where light has not been before.
A switch in a circuit will quickly allow you to break the circuit, without changing the wiring. For example, a light switch. By turning a light switch off, you are breaking the circuit and, thus, turning the light off.