Yes, all receptacles require an earth ground. (the bare copper wire in house wiring). However, it is not a dedicated ground in that all ground wires in a houses electrical system are connected or in common.
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You probably mean to change it to a 240 V outlet... either case, you'll need to run a new wire and install a new breaker.
No
No a 208 volt outlet does not need a neutral. 208 volts is the line voltage between any two legs of a three phase 208 volt system.
It depends on:what you are calling a dedicated circuitWhether there is ANY possibility that the neutral could be required to carry a load in excess of the rating of the wire.First we have to make certain that we're talking the same language, second we have to consider the fire hazard involved. (although, if we're looking at safety, we would need to reverse the two)The simple answer is No.The term "dedicated circuit" is not defined in the code. But in practice the term refers to a circuit that is run for a particular purpose, often to one piece of equipment or receptacle (outlet). Sharing a neutral contradicts the principle of a dedicated circuit.Sharing a neutral would expose the circuit to electrical elements such as harmonics. A dedicated circuit is intended to avoid such problems.
You will need a receptacle that you can wire each outlet separately (not jumpered). You would then wire the switch in series on the line conductor with the outlet you want switchable. Wire the other outlet directly to the power source. You can jumper the neutral from one outlet to the other.