The formula to use is I = W/E, assuming that the single breaker is delivering 120 volts, the amperage to the circuit is 16.6 amps. A continuous load on a 20 amp breaker has to be reduced to 80% according to the electrical code. 20 x .8 = 16. So to answer the question, yes, a 20 amp breaker will support a 2000 watt load at 120 volts.
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14 gauge will handle it with a 15 amp breaker. If you use 12 gauge use a 20 amp breaker.
The maximum wattage that a 30 amp breaker can handle is 30 x 230 = 6900 watts. Other variables come into play and this number will decrease depending on the load, duty time, and difference in voltage fluctuation.
Yes, in home wiring as long as it is protected by a 15 amp breaker. Remember this circuit will only handle 1800 watts and cannot be loaded to any more than 1440 watts. So if each light is 75 watts then the maximum you can install is 19.
The breaker protects the wiring not the boiler. 12,000 watts at 240 volts will require 50 amps. So, you will need a 60 amp breaker using AWG# 6 wire on a dedicated circuit.
If you use a 20 amp breaker, you would need to use 12 AWG wire. If you use a 15 amp breaker, you could use 14 AWG. As always, make certain that you comply with all local wiring codes.