That is STANDARD input and STANDARD output.
By default, standard input is the keyboard, and standard output is the screen. Standard I/O is set by the operating system, though it may be redirected by script invocation or system commands within the C/C++ program itself. You could, for instance, set standard output to a printer or a file in lieu of a screen.
You should also Google Standard Error.
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The <iostream> include file is a header file that contains the prototype declarations of functions that provide the basic input/output mechanisms in C++. The <iostream> header file sets up the objects that initialize the basic input/output pathways, cout and cin.
input is the << operator and output is the >> operator
If you know that the number input will always be three digits: output = 10 * (int)(input / 100) + (input % 10); If you want to idiot proof it (eg. too many digits): output = 10 * (int)((input % 1000) / 100) + (input % 10);
input scanf() , getch() , getche() output printf() , putch() , putchar()
example output of c++ calculator