It isn't clear what you are applying the input to. The results may vary, depending on the specific circuit.
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When a low pass filter is used with a sine wave input, the output is also a sine wave. The output will be reduced in amplitude and phase shifted when the frequency is high, but it is still a sine wave. This is not the case for square or triangular wave inputs. For non-sinusoidal inputs the circuit is called an integrator.
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A sine wave has no harmonics. It only has a fundamental, so the value of the 2nd, 3rd, and 12th harmonics of a sine wave is zero.
It's called a sine wave because the waveform can be reproduced as a graph of the sine or cosine functions sin(x) or cos (x).
A pure sine wave has energy at only one frequency.Any other wave shape has energy at other frequencies in addition to the frequency of the obvious waveshape.If you add up enough sine waves with the right frtequencoies and amplitudes, they'll add up to form any shapeyou want, even a squarewave.