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A shell is a program that read commands from some input device, typically the keyboard, and displays results on some output device, typically the display. It manages the environment and executes other programs as needed.
A shell function will do nothing unless it is explicitly called by other code, typically in a shell script. A shell script is a runnable, executable process, which can call other shell scripts and/or functions. The question might be worded backwards - it is necessary to write shell functions for shell scripts when certain logical functionality is required to be performed multiple times. Consider a shell function equivalent to a program subroutine - they operate the same way.
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The shell interprets the script, while the C-compiler generates a binary executable.