Yes, many 3D shapes can tessellate, of course the cube, but also triangular and rectangular prisms. Spheres fit together in a regular repeating layout as well, but leave space between. There are also other shapes that can tessellate too, a portion of 3D n-imoes, for example, but aren't regular geometric shapes.
Some 3D shapes will tessellate as for example a brick wall
Yes sometimes just think of a brick wall
A regular pentagon will not tessellate.
No.
Tessellation is covering a 2-d surface. Tessellation and making a 3-d shape are not compatible processes. 12 regular pentagons will form a dodecahedron.
Yes
No
transversal
Yes because all 4 sided quadrilaterals will tessellate
Yes it does tesselate.
Usually not. A part of a circular shape will not.
No it does not tessellate you have to pentagons in order for it to tessellate. * * * * * It is not at all clear what "have to pentagons" has to do with this. No polygon with 7 or more sides will tessellate. Octagons will tessellate if mixed with squares but that is not "proper" tessellation since it involved more than one shape.