The points on the optical axis OO' (see Figure 1) of a centered optical system that can be used to construct the image of an arbitrary point in space for objects in the paraxial region, which is the region around the axis of symmetry of the system where a point is represented by a point, a straight line by a straight line, and a plane by a plane.
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REFER : optical rotatory dispersion
This is False the correct definition is this: The number lines that form a Cartesian coordinate system are called the axes and the point where they intersect is called the origin.
because a smaller critical angle means that it is easier for total internal reflection to occur, which is the desirable quality in an optical fibre.
We assume that the ambient space is equipped with the standard Cartesian coordinate system and specify points by their Cartesian coordinates.The Cartesian coordinates of a point in the plane are a pair (x,y).The homogeneous coordinates of a point in the plane are a triple (x,y,w) with w!=0. The Cartesian coordinates of a point with homogeneous coordinates (x,y,w) are (x/w,y/w).Remark: We notice that the homogeneous coordinates of a point are not unique. Two triples that are multiples of each other specify the same point.The Cartesian coordinates of a point are of type double in the floating point kernel and of type rational in the rational kernel. The homogeneous coordinates of a point in the rational kernel are of type integer. Points in the floating point kernel are stored by their Cartesian coordinates.For points in the rational kernel it is more efficient to store them by their homogeneous coordinates, i.e., to use the same denominator for x- and y-coordinate.For compatibility also points in the floating point kernel have homogeneous coordinates (x,y,1.0). These homogeneous coordinates are of type double.
in automatic control the nyquist theorem is used to determine if a system is stable or not. there is also something called the simplified nyguist theorem that says if the curve cuts the "x-axies" to the right of point (-1,0) then the system is stable, otherwise its not.