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Why are nonparametric tests not the first choice in statistical procedures?
There are several reasons, including the following, in no particular order:I suspect that many or most people learn the parametric alternatives first, or learn mainly the parameteric alternatives.When the correct conditions hold, the parametric alternatives provide the best power.In some situations, such as the more complicated ANOVA and related methods, there are no nonparametric alternatives.Often data that do not appear to satisfy the requirements for parametric procedures can be transformed so that they do, more or less.Parametric procedures have been shown to be robust in the face of departures from the assumptions on which they were based, in many cases.
What are the three differences between parametric and non-parametric statistics?
1. A nonparametric statistic has no inference 2. A nonparametric statistic has no standard error 3. A nonparametric statistic is an element in a base population (universe of possibilities) where every possible event in the population is known and can be characterized * * * * * That is utter rubbish and a totally irresponsible answer. In parametric statistics, the variable of interest is distributed according to some distribution that is determined by a small number of parameters. In non-parametric statistics there is no underlying parametric distribution. With non-parametric data you can compare between two (or more) possible distributions (goodness-of-fit), test for correlation between variables. Some test, such as the Student's t, chi-square are applicable for parametric as well as non-parametric statistics. I have, therefore, no idea where the previous answerer got his/her information from!
Distingnish between parametric and nonparametric statistics. Why the parametric statistics are considered more powerful than the nonparametric statistics. Explain.?
Parametric statistical tests assume that the data belong to some type of probability distribution. The normal distribution is probably the most common. That is, when graphed, the data follow a "bell shaped curve".On the other hand, non-parametric statistical tests are often called distribution free tests since don't make any assumptions about the distribution of data. They are often used in place of parametric tests when one feels that the assumptions of the have been violated such as skewed data.For each parametric statistical test, there is one or more nonparametric tests. A one sample t-test allows us to test whether a sample mean (from a normally distributed interval variable) significantly differs from a hypothesized value. The nonparametric analog uses the One sample sign test In one sample sign test,we can compare the sample values to the a hypothesized median (not a mean). In other words we are testing a population median against a hypothesized value k. We set up the hypothesis so that + and - signs are the values of random variables having equal size. A data value is given a plus if it is greater than the hypothesized mean, a negative if it is less, and a zero if it is equal.he sign test for a population median can be left tailed, right tailed, or two tailed. The null and alternative hypothesis for each type of test will be one of the following:Left tailed test: H0: median ≥ k and H1: median < kRight tailed test: H0: median ≤ k and H1: median > kTwo tailed test: H0: median ≠ k and H1: median = kTo use the sign test, first compare each entry in the sample to the hypothesized median k.If the entry is below the median, assign it a - sign.If the entry is above the median, assign it a + sign.If the entry is equal to the median, assign it a 0.Then compare the number of + and - signs. The 0′s are ignored.If there is a large difference in the number of + and - signs, then it is likely that the median is different from the hypothesized value and the null hypothesis should be rejected.When using the sign test, the sample size n is the total number of + and - signs.If the sample size > 25, we use the standard normal distribution to find the critical values and we find the test statistic by plugging n and x into a formula that can be found on the link.When n ≤ 25, we find the test statistic x, by using the smaller number of + or - .So if we had 10 +'s and 5 -'s, the test statistic x would be 5. The zeros are ignored.I will provided a link to some nonparametric test that goes into more detail. The information about the Sign Test was just given as an example of one of the simplest nonparametric test so one can see how these tests work The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, The Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis Test are a few more common nonparametric tests. Most statistics books will give you a list of the pros and cons of parametric vs noparametric tests.
What serves as a standard of comparison to evaluate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent?
There cannot be one since the answer depends on the form in which the effect is measured: whether the effect is qualitative or quantitative. There are various non-parametric measures of correlation or concordance. For data that are more quantitative there are more powerful tests such as the F-test for independent Normal distributions.
What serves as a standard of comparison evaluate the effect of the independent variable on the independent variable?
There cannot be one since the answer depends on the form in which the effect is measured: whether the effect is qualitative or quantitative. There are various non-parametric measures of correlation or concordance. For data that are more quantitative there are more powerful tests such as the F-test for independent Normal distributions.
Why are nonparametric tests not the first choice in statistical procedures?
There are several reasons, including the following, in no particular order:I suspect that many or most people learn the parametric alternatives first, or learn mainly the parameteric alternatives.When the correct conditions hold, the parametric alternatives provide the best power.In some situations, such as the more complicated ANOVA and related methods, there are no nonparametric alternatives.Often data that do not appear to satisfy the requirements for parametric procedures can be transformed so that they do, more or less.Parametric procedures have been shown to be robust in the face of departures from the assumptions on which they were based, in many cases.
What are the three differences between parametric and non-parametric statistics?
1. A nonparametric statistic has no inference 2. A nonparametric statistic has no standard error 3. A nonparametric statistic is an element in a base population (universe of possibilities) where every possible event in the population is known and can be characterized * * * * * That is utter rubbish and a totally irresponsible answer. In parametric statistics, the variable of interest is distributed according to some distribution that is determined by a small number of parameters. In non-parametric statistics there is no underlying parametric distribution. With non-parametric data you can compare between two (or more) possible distributions (goodness-of-fit), test for correlation between variables. Some test, such as the Student's t, chi-square are applicable for parametric as well as non-parametric statistics. I have, therefore, no idea where the previous answerer got his/her information from!
Distingnish between parametric and nonparametric statistics. Why the parametric statistics are considered more powerful than the nonparametric statistics. Explain.?
Parametric statistical tests assume that the data belong to some type of probability distribution. The normal distribution is probably the most common. That is, when graphed, the data follow a "bell shaped curve".On the other hand, non-parametric statistical tests are often called distribution free tests since don't make any assumptions about the distribution of data. They are often used in place of parametric tests when one feels that the assumptions of the have been violated such as skewed data.For each parametric statistical test, there is one or more nonparametric tests. A one sample t-test allows us to test whether a sample mean (from a normally distributed interval variable) significantly differs from a hypothesized value. The nonparametric analog uses the One sample sign test In one sample sign test,we can compare the sample values to the a hypothesized median (not a mean). In other words we are testing a population median against a hypothesized value k. We set up the hypothesis so that + and - signs are the values of random variables having equal size. A data value is given a plus if it is greater than the hypothesized mean, a negative if it is less, and a zero if it is equal.he sign test for a population median can be left tailed, right tailed, or two tailed. The null and alternative hypothesis for each type of test will be one of the following:Left tailed test: H0: median ≥ k and H1: median < kRight tailed test: H0: median ≤ k and H1: median > kTwo tailed test: H0: median ≠ k and H1: median = kTo use the sign test, first compare each entry in the sample to the hypothesized median k.If the entry is below the median, assign it a - sign.If the entry is above the median, assign it a + sign.If the entry is equal to the median, assign it a 0.Then compare the number of + and - signs. The 0′s are ignored.If there is a large difference in the number of + and - signs, then it is likely that the median is different from the hypothesized value and the null hypothesis should be rejected.When using the sign test, the sample size n is the total number of + and - signs.If the sample size > 25, we use the standard normal distribution to find the critical values and we find the test statistic by plugging n and x into a formula that can be found on the link.When n ≤ 25, we find the test statistic x, by using the smaller number of + or - .So if we had 10 +'s and 5 -'s, the test statistic x would be 5. The zeros are ignored.I will provided a link to some nonparametric test that goes into more detail. The information about the Sign Test was just given as an example of one of the simplest nonparametric test so one can see how these tests work The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, The Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis Test are a few more common nonparametric tests. Most statistics books will give you a list of the pros and cons of parametric vs noparametric tests.
What serves as a comparison to evaluate the effect of the the independent variable on the dependent variable?
There cannot be one since the answer depends on the form in which the effect is measured: whether the effect is qualitative or quantitative. There are various non-parametric measures of correlation or concordance. For data that are more quantitative there are more powerful tests such as the F-test for independent Normal distributions.
What as a standard of comparison to evaluate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable?
There cannot be one since the answer depends on the form in which the effect is measured: whether the effect is qualitative or quantitative. There are various non-parametric measures of correlation or concordance. For data that are more quantitative there are more powerful tests such as the F-test for independent Normal distributions.
What serves as a standard of comparison to evaluate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent?
There cannot be one since the answer depends on the form in which the effect is measured: whether the effect is qualitative or quantitative. There are various non-parametric measures of correlation or concordance. For data that are more quantitative there are more powerful tests such as the F-test for independent Normal distributions.
What serves as a standard of comparison to evaluate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.?
There cannot be one since the answer depends on the form in which the effect is measured: whether the effect is qualitative or quantitative. There are various non-parametric measures of correlation or concordance. For data that are more quantitative there are more powerful tests such as the F-test for independent Normal distributions.
What serves as a standard of comparison to evaluate the effect of the independents variable on the dependent variable?
There cannot be one since the answer depends on the form in which the effect is measured: whether the effect is qualitative or quantitative. There are various non-parametric measures of correlation or concordance. For data that are more quantitative there are more powerful tests such as the F-test for independent Normal distributions.
What serves as standard of comparison to evaluate the effect of the the independent variable on the dependent variable?
There cannot be one since the answer depends on the form in which the effect is measured: whether the effect is qualitative or quantitative. There are various non-parametric measures of correlation or concordance. For data that are more quantitative there are more powerful tests such as the F-test for independent Normal distributions.
What serves as a standard of comparison to evaluate the effect of the independent variable on a dependent variable?
There cannot be one since the answer depends on the form in which the effect is measured: whether the effect is qualitative or quantitative. There are various non-parametric measures of correlation or concordance. For data that are more quantitative there are more powerful tests such as the F-test for independent Normal distributions.
What serves as a standard of comparisons to evaluate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable?
There cannot be one since the answer depends on the form in which the effect is measured: whether the effect is qualitative or quantitative. There are various non-parametric measures of correlation or concordance. For data that are more quantitative there are more powerful tests such as the F-test for independent Normal distributions.
What serves as a standard of comparison to evaluate the effect of independent variable on the dependant variable?
There cannot be one since the answer depends on the form in which the effect is measured: whether the effect is qualitative or quantitative. There are various non-parametric measures of correlation or concordance. For data that are more quantitative there are more powerful tests such as the F-test for independent Normal distributions.
