A polygon is just a word used to describe any plane figure bounded by straight lines. A triangle is just one of many different polygons; others are a rectangle, pentagon, octagon etc.
Triangles are said to be similar when they have the same shape but one is an enlargement of the other. The triangles must therefore be equi-angular and the ratios of corresponding sides have to be equal.
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No. You can have two triangles that are congruent to one another, and two quadrilaterals that are congruent to one another. But the triangle cannot be similar to the quadrilateral!
They are all polygons
Yes.
They are all polygons.
All three are polygons.