a superstructure has negative degree of freedom... ;0
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Yes. The parameters of the t distribution are mean, variance and the degree of freedom. The degree of freedom is equal to n-1, where n is the sample size. As a rule of thumb, above a sample size of 100, the degrees of freedom will be insignificant and can be ignored, by using the normal distribution. Some textbooks state that above 30, the degrees of freedom can be ignored.
There is no direct relationship between degrees of freedom and probability values.
Yes, it is.
A T test is used to find the probability of a scenario given a specific average and the number of degrees of freedom. You are free to use as few degrees of freedom as you wish, but you must have at least 1 degree of freedom. The formula to find the degrees of freedom is "n-1" or the population sample size minus 1. The minus 1 is because of the fact that the first n is not a degree of freedom because it is not an independent data source from the original, as it is the original. Degrees of freedom are another way of saying, "Additional data sources after the first". A T test requires there be at least 1 degree of freedom, so there is no variability to test for.