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What is the assay principle of complement fixation test CFT?
The complement fixation test (CFT) is based on the principle that if a specific antibody is present in a serum sample, it will bind to its corresponding antigen, leading to the activation of the complement system. If the complement is fixed (activated) by the antibody-antigen complex, it will not be available to lyse indicator red blood cells. The presence of hemolysis (lysis of red blood cells) indicates a negative result, while the absence of hemolysis indicates a positive result, confirming the presence of the specific antibody in the sample.
What is complement opsonization?
Complement opsonization is a process in the immune response where complement proteins, part of the immune system, bind to the surface of pathogens such as bacteria. This binding enhances the ability of immune cells, like phagocytes, to recognize and engulf the pathogens more efficiently. The opsonization acts as a signal that marks the pathogens for destruction, facilitating their clearance from the body. Overall, it plays a crucial role in the innate immune defense against infections.
What is a synonym for affix?
paste, bind
Why 1g of Hb bind to 1.34ml of Oxygen instead 1.39 at full saturation?
1g of Hb can bind with 1.34mL of oxygen instead 1.39 at full saturation because it does so at normal oxygen capacity.
Which bonds often bind different parts of a molecule into a specific three dimensional shape?
Hydrogen
Patient's serum influenza virus and red blood cells are mixed in a tube What happens if the patient has antibodies against influenza virus?
If the patient has antibodies against the influenza virus, the antibodies will bind to the virus particles present in the serum. This binding will lead to the formation of virus-antibody complexes. These complexes will then activate the complement system, leading to the lysis of red blood cells through the classical pathway of complement activation.
Can The activation site of an enzyme bind to a specific subtrate?
The activation site of an enzyme can only bind to a specific substrate.
What immunoglobulin is the most common in blood and initiates the complement cascade?
Both IgG and IgM initiates complement. IgG is far more abundant in the body however this does not necessarily means that it initiates complement more. IgM is the 1st immunoglobulin that responds to a foreign antigen as part of the body's hormonal response. So to answer the question directly, neither immunoglobulin initiate the complement cascade more than the other. Some research seems to indicated that there is no significant difference in ability to bind complement between IgG and IgM via the classical pathway in humans.
The cAMP pathway can activate enzymes and turn on genes?
Yes, the cAMP pathway involves signaling through cyclic AMP to activate protein kinases, which in turn can lead to the activation of enzymes by phosphorylation. Additionally, cAMP can also bind to transcription factors to regulate gene expression by turning on specific genes.
When antibodies bind antigens the clumping of antigens result from?
There are four reactions when antibodies react with antigens: agglutination, precipitation, neutralization or activation of complement. Agglutination is the clumping process that you are looking for.
What is the assay principle of complement fixation test CFT?
The complement fixation test (CFT) is based on the principle that if a specific antibody is present in a serum sample, it will bind to its corresponding antigen, leading to the activation of the complement system. If the complement is fixed (activated) by the antibody-antigen complex, it will not be available to lyse indicator red blood cells. The presence of hemolysis (lysis of red blood cells) indicates a negative result, while the absence of hemolysis indicates a positive result, confirming the presence of the specific antibody in the sample.
Drugs that increase receptor activation are those that?
Drugs that increase receptor activation are known as agonists. They bind to the receptor and produce a biological response. This can lead to a variety of effects depending on the specific receptor and drug involved.
What do Muscarinic receptors bind?
Muscarinic receptors bind acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system. Activation of muscarinic receptors leads to various physiological responses in organs and tissues innervated by parasympathetic neurons.
If complement and SRBC added and hemolysis occur how you will interpretate?
If complement and SRBC are added and hemolysis occurs, it indicates that the complement system is functioning properly. The lysis of the SRBCs suggests that the complement system has been activated in response to the foreign cells, resulting in their destruction. This can be used as an assay to assess the activity of the complement system.
How do antibodies kill the red blood cells?
Antibodies can lead to the destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) through a process known as opsonization and complement activation. When antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of RBCs, they mark these cells for destruction. This binding can activate the complement system, leading to the formation of membrane attack complexes that create pores in the RBC membrane, causing lysis. Additionally, phagocytic cells, like macrophages, can recognize and engulf the antibody-coated RBCs, ultimately leading to their removal from circulation.
What do hormones bind to on the surface of target cells?
Hormones typically bind to specific protein receptors located on the surface of target cells. These receptors are responsible for initiating a signaling pathway within the cell in response to the hormone binding, leading to specific cellular responses.
What end product from a metabolic pathway binds to an enzyme involved in a reaction at the beginning of the pathway. changing the shape of the active site and preventing the enzyme from?
The end product of a metabolic pathway can bind to the enzyme involved in the beginning of the pathway, acting as an inhibitor. This typically changes the shape of the enzyme's active site, preventing the enzyme from binding to its substrate and carrying out the reaction. This regulatory mechanism is known as feedback inhibition.
