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Does C2a or C2b bind C4b in classical pathway of complement activation?
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∙ 12y ago
C2a
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∙ 12y ago
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What is a synonym for affix?
paste, bind
Why 1g of Hb bind to 1.34ml of Oxygen instead 1.39 at full saturation?
1g of Hb can bind with 1.34mL of oxygen instead 1.39 at full saturation because it does so at normal oxygen capacity.
Which bonds often bind different parts of a molecule into a specific three dimensional shape?
Hydrogen
What is difference between dentisity amd coordination number?
Dentisity is the number of atoms in a ligand that bond to cetral atom e.g. EN has 2 atoms that bind and cooordination number is the number of ligand atoms that bind to a center so for [K(en)3]3+ it is 6
What is a synonym for restrict?
bound, bind, contain, check, surround, restrain, inhibit, enclose, impede, handicap, diminish
Patient's serum influenza virus and red blood cells are mixed in a tube What happens if the patient has antibodies against influenza virus?
If the patient has antibodies against the influenza virus, the antibodies will bind to the virus particles present in the serum. This binding will lead to the formation of virus-antibody complexes. These complexes will then activate the complement system, leading to the lysis of red blood cells through the classical pathway of complement activation.
Can The activation site of an enzyme bind to a specific subtrate?
The activation site of an enzyme can only bind to a specific substrate.
What immunoglobulin is the most common in blood and initiates the complement cascade?
Both IgG and IgM initiates complement. IgG is far more abundant in the body however this does not necessarily means that it initiates complement more. IgM is the 1st immunoglobulin that responds to a foreign antigen as part of the body's hormonal response. So to answer the question directly, neither immunoglobulin initiate the complement cascade more than the other. Some research seems to indicated that there is no significant difference in ability to bind complement between IgG and IgM via the classical pathway in humans.
When antibodies bind antigens the clumping of antigens result from?
There are four reactions when antibodies react with antigens: agglutination, precipitation, neutralization or activation of complement. Agglutination is the clumping process that you are looking for.
If complement and SRBC added and hemolysis occur how you will interpretate?
If complement and SRBC are added and hemolysis occurs, it indicates that the complement system is functioning properly. The lysis of the SRBCs suggests that the complement system has been activated in response to the foreign cells, resulting in their destruction. This can be used as an assay to assess the activity of the complement system.
How do vaccines prevent diseases?
1) Antibodies bind to the pathogen to prevent them from entering or damaging cells 2) Antibodies coat the pathogen stimulating the removal of pathogen by macrophages and other cells 3) They trigger destruction of pathogens by stimulating other immune responses such as complement pathway
Why do hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses?
the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes... A&P
What is the role of proteins of transmitting pain messages?
In response to nerve damage, heat shock proteins are released and can bind to their respective toll-like receptors, leading to further activation.
What would happen if an enzyme was missing or didn't work properly?
If an enzyme is missing or not functioning properly, the biochemical reactions that it facilitates would be disrupted, leading to a buildup of substrates or a deficiency of products. This can result in metabolic disorders, causing various symptoms or diseases depending on the specific enzyme and pathway affected.
How do antibodies work?
Function Since antibodies exist freely in the bloodstream, they are said to be part of the humoral immune system. Circulating antibodies are produced by clonal B cells that specifically respond to only one antigen (an example is a virus capsid protein fragment) . Antibodies contribute to immunity in three main ways: they can prevent pathogens from entering or damaging cells by binding to them; they can stimulate removal of a pathogen by macrophages and other cells by coating the pathogen; and they can trigger direct pathogen destruction by stimulating other immune responses such as the complement pathway. Antibodies that bind to surface antigens on, for example a bacterium, attract the first component of the complement cascade with their Fc region and initiate activation of the "classical" complement system. This results in the killing of bacteria in two ways. First, the binding of the antibody and complement molecules marks the microbe for ingestion by phagocytes in a process called opsonization; these phagocytes are attracted by certain complement molecules generated in the complement cascade. Secondly, some complement system components form a membrane attack complex to assist antibodies to kill the bacterium directly. To combat pathogens that replicate outside cells, antibodies bind to pathogens to link them together, causing them to agglutinate. Since an antibody has at least two paratopes it can bind more than one antigen by binding identical epitopes carried on the surfaces of these antigens. By coating the pathogen, antibodies stimulate effector functions against the pathogen in cells that recognize their Fc region. Those cells which recognize coated pathogens have Fc receptors which, as the name suggests, interacts with the Fc region of IgA, IgG, and IgE antibodies. The engagement of a particular antibody with the Fc receptor on a particular cell triggers an effector function of that cell; phagocytes will phagocytose, mast cells and neutrophils will degranulate, natural killer cells will release cytokines and cytotoxic molecules; that will ultimately result in destruction of the invading microbe. The Fc receptors are isotype-specific, which gives greater flexibility to the immune system, invoking only the appropriate immune mechanisms for distinct pathogens.
How does the interaction between an enzyme and its substrate change a chemical reaction?
Enzymes speed up the chemical reactions because when it forms a complex with its substrates, it reduces the activation energy that the reaction needs to proceed. Remember that the reaction itself is not altered, only the rate of reaction, and that the enzyme is not used or altered in the reactions.
Why not DNA act as primer in place of DNA during DNA replication?
In case you are talking about Polymerase chain reaction; you melt the double strain from each other by raising the temperature. By lowering the temperature, DNA will melt together again. This would happen with the complement strain or with primers. But due to the length of the primer it will bind the matching sequence a lot faster than the complement strain. this is also balanced by strict temperature regulations during a PCR cycle. * and ofcourse you dont replicate anything if the whole complement strain attaches!
