The Pythagorean theorem's formula is a2 + b2 = c2, a and b being the legs of a right triangle and c being the hypotenuse.
Let's say we know both legs, and we want to find the hypotenuse. Let's say a is 2, and b is 4. Now you have to square them and add them together, which would be 20. (4 + 16)
This means c2--now you find the square root of 20, which is 4.47213..., the hypotenuse's length.
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In the Pythagorean Theorem b is not twice a. The formula is [ a squared + b squared = c squared].
Yes, the distance formula for a line segment was derived from Pythagoras' theorem.
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It depends on what x is and what information you have. For example, if no side lengths are known, the Pythagorean theorem is not going to be any use!