we use fourier transform to convert our signal form time domain to frequency domain.
This tells us how much a certain frequency is involve in our signal.
It also gives us many information that we cannot get from time domain.
And we can easily compare signals in frequency domain.
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A Fourier series is a set of harmonics at frequencies f, 2f, 3f etc. that represents a repetitive function of time that has a period of 1/f. A Fourier transform is a continuous linear function. The spectrum of a signal is the Fourier transform of its waveform. The waveform and spectrum are a Fourier transform pair.
Fourier transform and Laplace transform are similar. Laplace transforms map a function to a new function on the complex plane, while Fourier maps a function to a new function on the real line. You can view Fourier as the Laplace transform on the circle, that is |z|=1. z transform is the discrete version of Laplace transform.
Fourier analysis is used in many places. Three examples are digital filtering, where a signal is converted to frequency domain, certain bands are removed or processed, and then converted back to time domain; your cell phone or its headset, if it has advanced noise cancellation technology; and the telephone system itself, where digital filtering is used to minimize bandwidth demands.
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One example is an 8-sided die... I've been trying to find others but i cant.