Any two parameters will define an arc, but most common are:
Arc Length (L)
Radius (R)
Central Angle (CA or the 'delta' symbol, which I cannot reproduce, here.)
In surveying, the Long Chord (LC) is sometime used, giving the bearing and distance from the arc beginning to its ending.
Also, in highway and railroad work, the degree of curve (g), or 'sharpness of the curve are specified. If you use 'g', be aware that the equation for highway 'g' is not quite the same as 'g' for railroads. (Highway factor for 'g' is 5729.58, while the railroad factor for 'g' is 5730.00)
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They are simply called intersecting arcs.
Lines that extend off the object to show what is being dimensioned
Adjacent Arcs
Circles have infinitely many arcs, not just 3.