Dividing by a rational number (other than zero) is simply multiplication by its reciprocal.
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This is related to the fact that dividing by a number is the same as multiplying with the number's reciprocal.
Whole numbers are the same as integers. Whole numbers are a proper subset of rational numbers.
One use is shorthand for large numbers, eg the mass of the earth is 5960000000000000000000000 kg , which can be expressed as: 5.96 * 1024 kg there are also rules for multiplying / dividing exponential numbers
The set of integers includes the set of whole numbers. The set of rational numbers includes the sets of whole numbers and integers.
Whole numbers and integers are the same thing. They are a proper subset of rational numbers.