by figuring out the equation
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Because it fits the data. That's an extremely vague answer, but it was an extremely vague question.
If a linear model accurately reflects the measured data, then the linear model makes it easy to predict what outcomes will occur given any input within the range for which the model is valid. I chose the word valid, because many physical occurences may only be linear within a certain range. Consider applying force to stretch a spring. Within a certain distance, the spring will move a linear distance proportional to the force applied. Outside that range, the relationship is no longer linear, so we restrict our model to the range where it does work.
A linear equation has no higher powers than 1. This is linear.
When it is a linear equation.
It is a linear equation.