How do producer population numbers with the presence of an herbivore (step 2) compare to the primary colonizer model (step 1)?

Answer 1

In the primary colonizer model (step 1), producer population numbers tend to be higher due to less competition and grazing pressure, allowing for more robust growth and establishment. In contrast, when an herbivore is introduced (step 2), producer populations typically decline as they are consumed, leading to reduced biomass and potentially altering community dynamics. The presence of herbivores can also encourage adaptations in producers, such as increased defensive mechanisms, which may affect their overall population numbers in the long term.