I always use a factor of ten.
Assume no matter what the discount is it is ten percent to find a ten percent discount just move the decimal point one space to the left, then take that number and subtract it from the original cost.
Then in order to find a different percent discount just multiply the ten percent discount by the percent discount you are looking for, but move the decimal one space to the left again, and subtract that from the original cost.
Example:
something that costs $45 is on sale for 25% off.
A ten percent discount would be $4.50.
Multiply that by 2.5 to get$11.50.
Then subtract that from the original cost to get $33.50.
P.S. often times if you don't need the exact answer it is easier to round you numbers to get rid of the .5 to make the math easier.
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The only practical reason to calculate the discount is as an intermediate step in determining the new price.
The quickest way is to multiply the full price by 0.2 That is the amount of the discount.
That means that there is a discount (a price reduction, compared to the "official" price), and that this reduction is calculate as a percentage of the total price.
First place the price of your object on the calculator, such as $17.79. Next you multiply it by thepercentage of discount, such as $17.79 by 20% of discount, if your calculator has this symbol % click it after you place your percentage of discount. Next you click the minus button -. Finally press the equal sign and that is the of 20% of discount from $17.79.
Cp = sp/d