calculate the effective return (mean return minus the risk free rate) divided by the beta.
the excel spreadsheet in the related link has an example.
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The related link provides an excel template and some notes on how to calculate the sharpe ratio..pretty simple and effective.
The Sortino Ratio is the actual return minus the target return, all divided by the downside risk. The downside risk is either calculated by the semi standard deviation, or the 2nd order lower partial moment. The related link "Calculate the Sortino Ratio with Excel" provideds an Excel spreadsheet to calculate the Sortino Ratio
No. It can be but need not be. For example, you might calculate the ratio of today's temperature in Celsius and in Fahrenheit and calculate the ratio. That is not a rate.
calculate the ratio between proton&electron
Net Capital Ratio =Total assets / Total Liabilities