A 1-dimensional interval (a, b) is continuous if for any k in (0, 1) the point a + k*(b-a) = a*(1-k) + k*b is also in the interval.
This is equivalent to the statement that every point on the line joining a and b is in the interval.
The above can be extended to more dimensions analogously.
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A variable defined on a continuous interval as opposed to one that can take only discrete values.
Yes, it is a Continuous variable measured along an equidistant scale.
The linear discrete time interval is used in the interpretation of continuous time and discrete valued: Quantized signal.
Yes it is because it is a measurement of something usually entering into decimal figures and cannot be simply counted.
No. If the variable is continuous, for example, height or mass of something, or time interval, then the set of possible outcomes is infinite.