It depends.
For simple shapes there may be formulae which link the lengths of sides, measures of angles and other properties of the shape that enable you to calculate the distance.
In 3-dimensional Euclidean space, if the point A has coordinates (u,v,w) and B has coordinates(x,y,z), then the distance AB is
sqrt[(x - u)2 + (y - v)2 + (z - w)2]
The formula has a similar form in 2 dimension.
But distance need not be defined in this fashion - there are other valid metrics. One of them is the Taxicab geometry developed by Minkowski and based on a rectangular grid of roads as in Manhattan. For more on Taxicab geometry, follow the link.
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If you know the end points then use the distance formula or simply use a ruler.
Because there is a strong relationship between geometry and measurement, an understanding of geometry can contribute to an understanding of measurement, and vice versa. ... Use measurement formulas to find the volume and surface area of geometric solids.
In plane geometry, the shortest distance between two points is a line. In spherical geometry, the shortest distance between two points is a segment of a great circle. The distance between one point and another is known as the displacement.
In plane geometry, the shortest distance between two points is a line. In spherical geometry, the shortest distance between two points is a segment of a great circle. The distance between one point and another is known as the displacement.
It is movement in the vertical direction. In 2-dimensional analytical geometry, it is the distance in the direction parallel to the y-axis.