by using a caliper
http://www.technologystudent.com/equip1/vernier3.htm
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if you mean a cylinder with a hole through it like a pipe or tube, then it's pi x (Od2 - id2)/4 x h Od = outer diameter id = inner diameter
There must be some distances given between the outer square and the inner square... We'll then decrease the differences from the side of the outer square in order to get the side of the inner square. Thus, we can find the perimeter of the inner square as well.
Suppose the diameter of the disk is D cm so that the radius is D/2 = R cm. Suppose the diameter of the hole is d cm so that its radius is d/2 = r cm. Then the area of one side of te disc is pi*(R^2 - r^2) Therefore the total area of the two sides is 2*pi*(R^2 - r^2) square cm. This ignores the surface area of the edge which, although small, is not 0.
The radius is the distance from the center to the outer edge of the circle. You can measure the diameter, the distance from side to side, and divide by 2.
you double the radius to find the diameter.