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If you are given an equation, y is always the dependent variable. That's why you write y=something, to show that x changes and forces y to change too.

If you are given a word question, it becomes more complicated. You have to see which one is forced to change as the other changes, and which one is changing. For example, if the two variables are the speed of the car and the time it takes to stop completely, the speed is independent. You can figure this out by realizing that it makes no sense to know how long it takes to brake without knowing how fast you are going. Really, with word problems, it becomes a matter of common sense and experience.

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Q: How do you know which number is the dependent variable?
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