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What effect would the temperature have on the time kept by pendulum clock if the pendulum rod increased in length with an increase in temperature?
A longer pendulum will result in a longer period. The clock would go slower.
Relationship between period of pendulum and length?
The longer a pendulum is, the more time it takes a pendulum takes to complete a period of time. If a clock is regulated by a pendulum and it runs fast, you can make it run slower by making the pendulum longer. Likewise, if the clock runs slow, you can make your clock run faster by making the pendulum shorter. (What a pendulum actually does is measure the ratio between time and gravity at a particular location, but that is beyond the scope of this answer.)
A clock that loses 1 second every hour is more accurate than clock that is 3 seconds slow but keeps consistent time?
TRUE
How slow is a clock after two years if it loses a minute each day?
730 minutes slow (12.167 hours slow, so basically half a day slow) In other words it would be correct if it didn't say PM or AM.
What would the 24 hour clock time be if the clocks were 16 minutes slow?
The clocks would read 16 minutes earlier than the actual factual time. Sadly, you haven't told us what time it really is. Incidentally, a clock can be 16 minutes 'behind', but it can't be 16 minutes 'slow'. If a clock is 'slow', then the amount of time it loses depends on how long it's been running since it was set, and would be expressed in units of "minutes per hour", or some other such dimensionless ratio.
