The actual calculations to get a logarithm are quite complicated; in most cases you are better off if you look the logarithm up in tables, or use a scientific calculator.
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The value of the common logarithm is undefined at 0.
Logarithms can be taken to any base. Common logarithms are logarithms taken to base 10; it is sometimes abbreviated to lg. Natural logarithms are logarithms taken to base e (= 2.71828....); it is usually abbreviated to ln.
The base b logarithm of x is a value y such that by = x
Yes. Logarithms to the base 10 are called common logarithms, and 2 is the correct common logarithm for 100.
determination of log table value