It does not.
If you consider a right angled triangle with minor sides of length 1 unit each, then the Pythagorean theorem shows the third side (the hypotenuse) is sqrt(2) units in length. So the theorem proves that a side of such a length does exist. However, it does not prove that the answer is irrational. The same applies for some other Irrational Numbers.
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I have to prove http://s5.tinypic.com/19ldma.jpg http://img22.imageshack.us/img22/9263/mathhlproofou4.jpg without using pythagorean theorem
Yes
The Pythagorean Theorem applies only to right triangles. (But they don't prove it.)
Somewhere around 1875 and 1876
Your question is so confusing that I almost trashed it and am not sure yet what you want to know but I have a possible idea : consider a right triangle each of whose legs have length 1. By the Pythagorean theorem, the hypotenuse has length equal to the square root of 2. The square root of 2 is irrational- one can prove it is not equal to any fraction of integers, yet it is obviously is a number of some kind. Thus the number system had to be extended to include numbers of this kind.