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Who gave the concept of binary numbers?
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz published a paper in 1703, which documented the base-2, or binary number system. There were other earlier uses of base-2 numbers, but Leibniz is given credit for the binary system in use, today. I found several articles, but the Wikipedia article is probably the best one that I came across. See related link.
What is the difference between the binary number system and the Hindu Arabic?
Hindu-Arabic is a numeral system where actual numbers (one, two, three, etc) are represented by glyphs, or symbols (1, 2, 3, etc). The glyphs we use today are actually West Arabic numerals descended from Hindu-Arabic, which itself descended from Indian Brahmi numerals. Today, we simply call them Arabic numerals. The Hindu-Arabic system uses ten symbols, and is therefore base-10, decimal (it was originally base-9 as there was no symbol for the number zero). The binary system is base-2. As such there are only two glyphs in binary, 0 and 1. Apart from that there really is no difference between binary and decimal. They both work in the same way. Both are positional numbering systems, whereby the right-most digit represents the units (0-9 for decimal, 0-1 for binary). The digit to its immediate is multiplied by the base raised to the power of 1. The next digit to the left is multiplied by the base raised to the power of 2. And so on. Thus the symbols 100 are translated as 1x(10 squared) in decimal (one hundred), or 1x(2 squared) in binary (four). The binary numbering system is predominantly used in computing, because it directly correlates to the way in which a transistor switches between its two voltage states. These states are actually high and low voltage states, however we can interpret these states as being on and off or true and false. But the binary numbering system is by far the easiest way to represent these states. For instance, to store the value 100 (decimal) in a computer's memory, we simply switch the memory's transistors such that a group of eight transistors represents the binary value 01100100.
What is a comparison between Hindu-Arabic system and the Roman numeral system?
The Hindu-Arabic system was positional, meaning numerals had different values based on where they were in the number (we use this today: 654 is a different number from 546). It was also decimal, i.e. based on 10, which is also what we normally use today. The Roman system uses combinations of seven letters of the alphabet to indicate values. Although the optional use of subtractive notation can lead to some positional aspects (VI is different from IV), numbers are conventionally written from largest to smallest, i.e. MDCLXVI. The Roman system never had a zero; the Hindu-Arabic system gained a zero in the 10th century because the positional system needed a way to indicate when there was no numeral in that position.
What number does roman numeral MCI equal?
The Romans had a different numbering system that those that are currently used today. Letters represented different numbers so MCI equals one thousand one hundred and one.
What is the name of the calendar system which you use today?
Gregorian
