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The roots of an equation means the solutions of an equation. Different methods have been developed for different kinds of equation. It is not possible to give an overview in one or two paragraphs, but in simpler cases, the same operation is done on both sides of the equation, with the aim of "isolating" the variable you are solving for, that is, having it alone on one side. In some complicated cases, no "explicit" solutions exist, and "numerical" solutions have to be used; this basically means using trial-and-error.
Extraneous means extra and unnecessary. Extraneous solutions are values that can arise from the process of solving the equation but do not in fact satisfy the initial equation. These solutions occur most often when not all parts of the process of solving are not completely reversible - for example, if both sides of the equation are squared at some point.
Methods vary considerably depending upon the number of powers in the equation. For example, the method for solving cubics is quite different to solving quadratics etc... It's not really possible to generalise to one technique.
A quadratic equation can have a maximum of 2 solutions. If the discriminant (b2-4ac) turns out to be less than 0, the equation will have no real roots. If the Discriminant is equal to 0, it will have equal roots. But, if the discriminant turns out to be more than 0,then the equation will have unequal and real roots.
What role of operations that applies when you are solving an equation does not apply when your solving an inequality?"