If you can write down the number completely, using digits, decimals, and fractions,
then it's rational.
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If a number can be expressed as a fraction then it is a rational number
All whole numbers are rational. Any rational number divided by another (non-zero) rational number is a rational number.
If it can't be expressed as a fraction then it is an irrational number
It isn't always possible to determine. For example, it is unknown whether the Euler-Mascheroni constant (0.5772156649...) is rational or irrational.Most famous numbers and constants are known to be rational or irrational. If it can be expressed as a fraction a/b where a and b are integers, it's rational.
A decimal is a rational number if it ever ends, or if it repeats the same single digit or set of digits forever.