Hypotenuses can cave any real vale and, since real numbers are infinitely dense, the ratio of "successive" lengths is as close to 1 as you can get.
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No; the tangent ratio only deals with the lengths of the opposite side and adjacent side. You can square the two sides and add them together, then find the square root of the sum to find the length of the hypotenuse.
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Apply the 'aide memoire'. Soh , Cah, Toa. To find the Sine you apply Soh ; so you need to known the lengths of the opposite and the hypotenuse. Cosine(Cos) you apply Cah ; so you need to known the lengths of the adjacent and the hypotenuse. Tangent(Tan) you apply Toa ; so you need to known the lengths of the opposite and the adjacent .
Sine ratio = opposite/hypotenuse
You can't. The hypotenuse alone isn't enough to tell you anything about the lengths of the legs. There are an infinite number of different right triangles that all have the same hypotenuse but different legs.