How were years weeks months and days organized?

Answer 1

Mostly through observation of wise men. They realised that the sun repeated its course every 360 days (later refined as 365.25 days, of course) or so, and that gave us years... a cycle of the moon gave us months, and a period of light and darkness gave us days. Only the week was defined by man and by man alone - when God created the world, it was done in six stages (described in the Bible as 'days') and 'on the seventh day, God rested'. From that, men would take a day of rest every seventh day ( and those of a faithful disposition would 'keep it holy').