The hamiltonian operator is the observable corresponding to the total energy of the system. As with all observables it is given by a hermitian or self adjoint operator. This is true whether the hamiltonian is limited to momentum or contains potential.
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The word canonical means "by a general law, rule, principle or criterion". When the Hamiltonian operator is applied to the (average momentum) wave function it gives quantized values. In this sense the Hamilton equations gives the Schrodinger equation discreet values by a general law.
Hamiltonian equations are a representation of Hamiltonian mechanics. Please see the link.
The total energy of the system simply described in classical mechanics called as Hamiltonian.
You are referring to the Schrodinger Equation. This is because it comes from the classical view that the total energy is equal to the hamiltonian of a system:Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy = Total energy.Classically the kinetic energy is (1/2)mv2 = p2/(2m) ; where m is mass, v is velocity, p is momentum (p=mv).Now the momentum operator in QM is p=iħ∇ ;where ∇ is the gradient operator.This therefore yields the QM hamiltonian [-ħ2∇2/(2m) + V(x,y,z)]Ψ = EΨNow a more fun question to ask would be "Why is the Hamiltonian a function of the second-order partial differential with respect to position but the time dependent is only a function of a first-order differential with respect to time?"meaningHΨ = -iħ(dΨ/dt) or[-ħ2∇2/(2m) + V(x,y,z)]Ψ = -iħ(dΨ/dt)hint: Think Maxwell's Equations!
Hermitian matrix (please note spelling): a square matrix with complex elements that is equal to its conjugate transpose.