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Rejecting a true null hypothesis.
An alpha error is another name in statistics for a type I error, rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true.
You first decide on a null hypothesis. Expected frequencies are calculated on the basis of the null hypothesis, that is, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.
It is the hypothesis that is presumed true until statistical evidence in the form of a hypothesis test proves it is not true.
There are two types of errors associated with hypothesis testing. Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true. Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false. H0 is referred to as the null hypothesis and Ha (or H1) is referred to as the alternative hypothesis.