population
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A population survey, better known as a census, entails the collection of each unit in the population. In sample survey information is collected from a subset of the population. The subset, or sample, needs to be selected carefully so that it is representative of the whole population and, if that requirement is met, statistics based on the sample are good estimators for the corresponding population parameters.
If the sample is not representative of the population, then the characteristics of the sample are not the characteristics of the population. Example: If I want to estimate the percentage of the population that are men, and my sample is the school's football team, my estimate would be that 100% of the population is comprised of men. What went wrong with my survey ? Simple. The football team is not a representative sample of the population, at least not as regards gender.
sample size refers to the collection of data by only a selected size of te population through the process of sample surveys and sampling methods used in collecting data.
The sample is a subset of the population. For example, the population may be all the people at your school. A sample might be 5 people from each class. There are different types of sampling methods. The most commonly used is a simple random sample. When your obtain data from the entire population this is called a census.
A sample is a subset of the population.