Both are terms used for qualities or properties found in eyeglasses. Cylinder is the term for the correction of astigmatism. This means there is correction in in one axis or plane that is different than the rest of the lens.
Prism does not change the focus, but moves the object toward the base of the prism. If a person's eyes are not in a natural alignment to view an object, then placing prism in the eyeglasses prescription moves the object to where the eye wants to naturally look, thus reducing the strain of forcing the two eyes into alignment or suffering from double vision.
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A cylinder looks like a can, while a prism looks like a row of Doritos.
A cylinder has a circular cross section, a square prism has a square cross section.
A cylinder has a circle as a base, while a prism has either a triangle (most common) or a rectangle as a base.
Technically, a cylinder is a prism, as it has a fixed shape at the end.
There is no difference in the sense that the volume for either is the length times the area of cross-section.