a scale
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A graduated cylinder is typically used to measure the mass of a liquid. One could also multiply the density and volume of liquid in order to find the mass.
micrometer
The question is based on a fallacy. Containers need NOT be used when measuring mass.
a scale or a newton meter
The answer will depend on the object that you wish to measure. For example, a balance and some standard masses (wrongly called weights) will be OK for measuring the mass of a few apples but not much use for the mass of an elephant and totally useless for the mass of the sun! In the latter case, the tools are spectroscopy and computers, with physics and mathematics as intellectual tools.