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It is an indication that there the clinical effect is negligible.
Statistics are needed to analyze data and show which outcomes are significant.
Correlation analysis. But you will need a lot more knowledge of statistics before you can decide whether the result is [statistically] significant or not, and if it is, what that means.
operations research means research on topics related to operations while operational research means research in on operating mode. The former is a term representing a subject of research, the later is showing the status of research.
Five significant digits. Remember that all non-zero digits are significant, and all zeros in-between significant digits are significant.