There are lots of good introductory calculus books. Please note that to understand them, you need to have a good mastery of high school math, especially algebra.
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People often divide Calculus into integral and differential calculus. In introductory calculus classes, differential calculus usually involves learning about derivatives, rates of change, max and min and optimization problems and many other topics that use differentiation. Integral calculus deals with antiderivatives or integrals. There are definite and indefinite integrals. These are used in calculating areas under or between curves. They are also used for volumes and length of curves and many other things that involve sums or integrals. There are thousands and thousand of applications of both integral and differential calculus.
Madame Du Châtelet wrote Institutions of Physics.
Calculus; by a long shot.
Calculus is mainly about limits, which in turn are used to calculate the slope of a line (known as the "derivative"; lots of applications for that), and to calculate the area under a curve (the "integral" - also lots of applications for that). For more details, read the Wikipedia article on "Calculus", or read an introductory book on calculus. As prerequisites, you should be well-acquainted with high-school algebra.
Just about all of calculus is based on differential and integral calculus, including Calculus 1! However, Calculus 1 is more likely to cover differential calculus, with integral calculus soon after. So there really isn't a right answer for this question.