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Who discovered patterns in math?
Recognizing patterns is one of the primary functions of neural structures in the human brain. Patterns related to mathematics are natural features of the abstract system being examined; perception of these patterns depends on the degree to which the observer can resolve the related abstraction in his/her internal model of the system. So: the answer is us, any of us, given the effort to develop the internal neural model necessary to unambiguously resolve the pattern.
How you can viwed neural network as a directed graph?
Neural networks viewed as directed graphs is done by utilizing the Boltzmann machine. With this process the Boltzman machine seeks the shortest path to the directed graph.
What is a backpropagation?
A backpropagation is an error correction technique used in neural networks.
What are the of 35?
- Neurons use chloride ions to restore the membrane potential, and also to hyperpolarize neural membranes to inhibit nerve impulses. - It's found in salt (sodium chloride). - It's found in sodium (and calcium) hypochlorite to chlorinate Swimming Pools. - It's used in water treatment plants to kill pathogens in water in order to make it safe for drinking. - It's found in chlorates and perchlorates (which are used to make fireworks, explosives, and road flares).
What are 4 types of lipids and their function?
Fatty acylsFatty acyls, a generic term for describing fatty acids, their conjugates and derivatives, are a diverse group of molecules synthesized by chain-elongation of an acetyl-CoA primer with malonyl-CoA or methylmalonyl-CoA groups in a process called fatty acid synthesis. They are made of a hydrocarbon chain that terminates with a carboxylic acid group; this arrangement confers the molecule with a polar, hydrophilic end, and a nonpolar, hydrophobic end that is insoluble in water. The fatty acid structure is one of the most fundamental categories of biological lipids, and is commonly used as a building block of more structurally complex lipids. The carbon chain, typically between four to 24 carbons long, may be saturated or unsaturated, and may be attached to functional groups containing oxygen, halogens, nitrogen and sulfur. Where a double bond exists, there is the possibility of either a ''cis'' or ''trans'' geometric isomerism, which significantly affects the molecule's molecular configuration. ''Cis''-double bonds cause the fatty acid chain to bend, an effect that is more pronounced the more double bonds there are in a chain. This in turn plays an important role in the structure and function of cell membranes. Most naturally occurring fatty acids are of the ''cis'' configuration, although the ''trans'' form does exist in some natural and partially hydrogenated fats and oils. Examples of biologically important fatty acids are the eicosanoids, derived primarily from arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, which include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Other major lipid classes in the fatty acid category are the fatty esters and fatty amides. Fatty esters include important biochemical intermediates such as wax esters, fatty acid thioester coenzyme A derivatives, fatty acid thioester ACP derivatives and fatty acid carnitines. The fatty amides include N-acyl ethanolamines, such as the cannabinoid neurotransmitter anandamide.Glycerolipids (triglycerides)Glycerolipids are composed mainly of mono-, di- and tri-substituted glycerols, the most well-known being the fatty acid esters of glycerol (triacylglycerols), also known as triglycerides. In these compounds, the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are each esterified, usually by different fatty acids. Because they function as a food store, these lipids comprise the bulk of storage fat in animal tissues. The hydrolysis of the ester bonds of triacylglycerols and the release of glycerol and fatty acids from adipose tissue is called fat mobilization. Additional subclasses of glycerolipids are represented by glycosylglycerols, which are characterized by the presence of one or more sugar residues attached to glycerol via a glycosidic linkage. Examples of structures in this category are the digalactosyldiacylglycerols found in plant membranes and seminolipid from mammaliansperm cells.GlycerophospholipidsGlycerophospholipids, also referred to as phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolismand cell signaling. Neural tissue (including the brain) contains relatively high amounts of glycerophospholipids, and alterations in their composition has been implicated in various neurological disorders. Glycerophospholipids may be subdivided into distinct classes, based on the nature of the polar headgroup at the ''sn''-3 position of the glycerol backbone in eukaryotes and eubacteria, or the ''sn''-1 position in the case of archaebacteria.Examples of glycerophospholipids found in biological membranes are phosphatidylcholine (also known as PC, GPCho or lecithin), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE or GPEtn) and phosphatidylserine (PS or GPSer). In addition to serving as a primary component of cellular membranes and binding sites for intra- and intercellular proteins, some glycerophospholipids in eukaryotic cells, such as phosphatidylinositols and phosphatidic acids are either precursors of, or are themselves, membrane-derived second messengers. Typically, one or both of these hydroxyl groups are acylated with long-chain fatty acids, but there are also alkyl-linked and 1Z-alkenyl-linked (plasmalogen) glycerophospholipids, as well as dialkylether variants in archaebacteria. SphingolipidsSphingolipids are a complex family of compounds that share a common structural feature, a sphingoid base backbone that is synthesized ''de novo'' from the amino acid serine and a long-chain fatty acyl CoA, then converted into ceramides, phosphosphingolipids, glycosphingolipids and other compounds. The major sphingoid base of mammals is commonly referred to as sphingosine. Ceramides (N-acyl-sphingoid bases) are a major subclass of sphingoid base derivatives with an amide-linked fatty acid. The fatty acids are typically saturated or mono-unsaturated with chain lengths from 16 to 26 carbon atoms.The major phosphosphingolipids of mammals are sphingomyelins (ceramide phosphocholines), whereas insects contain mainly ceramide phosphoethanolamines and fungi have phytoceramide phosphoinositols and mannose-containing headgroups. The glycosphingolipids are a diverse family of molecules composed of one or more sugar residues linked via a glycosidic bond to the sphingoid base. Examples of these are the simple and complex glycosphingolipids such as cerebrosides and gangliosides. Sterol lipidsSterol lipids, such as cholesterol and its derivatives, are an important component of membrane lipids, along with the glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelins. The steroids, all derived from the same fused four-ring core structure, have different biological roles as hormones and signaling molecules. The eighteen-carbon (C18) steroids include theestrogen family whereas the C19 steroids comprise the androgens such astestosterone and androsterone. The C21 subclass includes the progestogens as well as the glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. The secosteroids, comprising various forms of vitamin D, are characterized by cleavage of the B ring of the core structure. Other examples of sterols are the bile acids and their conjugates, which in mammals are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol and are synthesized in the liver. The plant equivalents are the phytosterols, such as β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol; the latter compound is also used as a biomarker for algal growth. The predominant sterol in fungal cell membranes is ergosterol. Prenol lipidsPrenol lipids are synthesized from the 5-carbon precursors isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate that are produced mainly via the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway. The simple isoprenoids (linear alcohols, diphosphates, etc.) are formed by the successive addition of C5 units, and are classified according to number of these terpene units. Structures containing greater than 40 carbons are known as polyterpenes. Carotenoids are important simple isoprenoids that function as antioxidants and as precursors of vitamin A. Another biologically important class of molecules is exemplified by the quinones and hydroquinones, which contain an isoprenoid tail attached to a quinonoid core of non-isoprenoid origin. Vitamin E andvitamin K, as well as the ubiquinones, are examples of this class. Prokaryotes synthesize polyprenols (called bactoprenols) in which the terminal isoprenoid unit attached to oxygen remains unsaturated, whereas in animal polyprenols (dolichols) the terminal isoprenoid is reduced. SaccharolipidsSaccharolipids describe compounds in which fatty acids are linked directly to a sugar backbone, forming structures that are compatible with membrane bilayers. In the saccharolipids, a monosaccharide substitutes for the glycerol backbone present in glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids. The most familiar saccharolipids are the acylated glucosamine precursors of the Lipid A component of the lipopolysaccharides in Gram-negative bacteria. Typical lipid A molecules are disaccharides of glucosamine, which are derivatized with as many as seven fatty-acyl chains. The minimal lipopolysaccharide required for growth in ''E. coli'' is Kdo2-Lipid A, a hexa-acylated disaccharide of glucosamine that is glycosylated with two 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residues. PolyketidesPolyketides are synthesized by polymerization of acetyl and propionyl subunits by classic enzymes as well as iterative and multimodular enzymes that share mechanistic features with the fatty acid synthases. They comprise a large number of secondarymetabolites and natural products from animal, plant, bacterial, fungal and marine sources, and have great structural diversity. Many polyketides are cyclic molecules whose backbones are often further modified by glycosylation, methylation, hydroxylation, oxidation, and/or other processes. Many commonly used anti-microbial, anti-parasitic, and anti-cancer agents are polyketides or polyketide derivatives, such as erythromycins, tetracyclines, avermectins, and antitumor epothilones.
What is neural convergence?
Neural convergence refers to the phenomenon of multiple sensory receptors giving information to a smaller number of neural cells. For example, in the retinal periphery, many photoreceptors converge on a smaller number of ganglion cells so that the brain doesn't have to process inputs from each photoreceptor.
Describe the four components involved in the perception of a sensation?
The four components involved in the perception of a sensation are stimulus, sensory receptors, neural processing, and perception. Stimulus is the physical energy that triggers a response in sensory receptors. Sensory receptors detect the stimulus and convert it to neural signals. Neural processing occurs when these signals are transmitted to the brain and interpreted. Perception is the conscious awareness and interpretation of the sensation.
What differ from sensations in that they depend as much on prior experience as they do on neural cues traveling between receptors and the brain?
perception.
How do rods and cones work in neural convergence?
Rods and cones are photoreceptor cells in the retina that convert light stimuli into neural signals. Because many rods converge onto a single ganglion cell, they are more sensitive to low light levels, providing black-and-white vision. Cones, on the other hand, have less convergence and are responsible for color vision and high acuity in brighter light conditions.
What is neural coding?
Neural coding is the process by which the nervous system represents and processes information. It involves the conversion of sensory stimuli and other sources of input into patterns of neural activity, which are then interpreted by the brain to generate perception, thoughts, and behaviors. Different types of neural coding mechanisms exist, such as rate coding (based on firing rate of neurons) and temporal coding (based on the timing of neural spikes).
What are the two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion?
The two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to emotion in the limbic system are the amygdala and the hippocampus. The amygdala plays a key role in processing emotions, particularly fear and pleasure, while the hippocampus is crucial for memory formation and spatial navigation.
When Information is delivered within the CNS simultaneously by different -parts of the neural pathway is what process?
Convergence is the process by which information from different parts of the neural pathway is delivered simultaneously within the central nervous system (CNS). This integration of signals allows for complex processing and coordination of information within the CNS.
What is the initial experience of a stimulus?
The initial experience of a stimulus involves the detection of the stimulus by sensory receptors in the body, such as in the eyes, ears, or skin. This triggers a neural response that sends signals to the brain for processing and interpretation, leading to the awareness and perception of the stimulus.
What is a neural connection?
A neural connection refers to the communication pathway between two or more neurons in the brain. It involves the transmission of electrical and chemical signals across synapses, which are junctions that allow neurons to pass information to one another. These connections are essential for coordinating various functions in the brain, including sensory perception, motor control, and cognitive processes.
What are neural mechanisms?
Neural Mechanisms refer to structures such as neurons (nerve cells), neural circuits and regions of the brain plus substances such as neurotransmitters and hormones. These regulate behaviour, voluntary and involuntary systems.
The difference between the brain and the spinal cord?
brain controls perception,reflexes,emotionsbehavioral sequences,etc. spinal cord helps in transmission of neural inputs between periphery and brain
What has the author Andrea M Green written?
Andrea M. Green has written: 'Enhancing performance for action and perception' -- subject(s): Motor ability, Perception, Psychomotor Performance, Cognitive neuroscience, Neuroprostheses, Neural Prostheses, Congresses, Neuronal Plasticity, Brain Injuries, Rehabilitation, Neuroplasticity
